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In the arid desert environment of the Salt and Gila River Valleys, the homeland of the Hohokam, there was not enough rainfall to grow crops. The Hohokam were the only culture in North America to rely on irrigation canals to supply water to their crops. O'odham water control gate in historic period irrigation canal. Omar Turney map of 1929 showing prehistoric irrigation canals north and south of the Salt River in the Phoenix area.Ĭarla Booker and Alexandra Howard recording a prehistoric canal exposed in a trench at the Riverview development in Mesa. This group might have occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BC! Originating as archaic hunters and gatherers who lived on wild plants and animals, these peoples settled in permanent communities and produced their own food instead of living a more mobile life and gathering what nature provided. Called the Early Agricultural Period, this early group grew corn, lived in sedentary villages all year round and developed sophisticated irrigation canals. Archaeologists identified a culture and people that were ancestors of the Hohokam. In the 1990s, a major archaeological dig along the Santa Cruz River in Tucson resulted in a startling discovery. Early archaeologists proposed that Hohokam culture developed in Mexico and moved into what is now Arizona. Want to learn more? Explore the major concepts, places, cultures, and themes that Southwestern archaeologists are exploring today in our Introduction to Southwestern Archaeology.Where did Hohokam culture come from? To the first scientists who asked this question, the Hohokam seemed to appear in Arizona quite suddenly with the ability to build sophisticated irrigation system to water their crops. European settlers actually cleared out and reused many Hohokam canals hundreds of years later. There are more than 500 miles of documented canals in the region, representing the largest-scale irrigation in North America. Their vast canal networks include some canals more than 20 miles long.
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People in the Hohokam region employed massive-scale irrigation farming. Throughout their history, potters in the Hohokam region produced brown (in the Tucson Basin area) and buff (in the Phoenix Basin area) ware pottery, sometimes painted with geometric designs or life forms in red. Compound B at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument has two platform mounds. Larger villages then had a different kind of central construction: large platform mounds, often with structures on top, that appear to have been the place for religious and political activities. 1150 or 1200, people in the Hohokam region began building their houses as aboveground compounds within a walled courtyard.
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People probably used these for gatherings and for a ball game that was probably similar to those played among Mesoamerican societies. 8, many villages also had large earthen constructions that archaeologists identify as ballcourts. Archaeologists find these dwellings in sets of three or four around small courtyards. CiaccioĮarly Hohokam settlements consist of clusters of shallow pithouses. Note the pithouse architecture and the decorated and undecorated pottery. This Hohokam community thrived in the northwest Tucson Basin. People who resided in the Hohokam (ho-ho-kahm) region were probably among the ancestors of contemporary southern desert populations, such as the O’odham, as well as Pueblo populations and perhaps other populations in northern Mexico.
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